Friday, October 28, 2011
Sunday, October 23, 2011
AIRCRAFT BLACK BOX
AIRCRAFT BLACKBOX
THE BLACK BOX IS DIVIDED INTO TWO :
- FLIGHT DATA RECORDER
- COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER
A flight data recorder (FDR) (also ADR, for accident data recorder) is an electronic device employed to record any instructions sent to any electronic systems on an aircraft. It is a device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters. Another kind of flight recorder is the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), which records conversation in the cockpit, radio communications between the cockpit crew and others (including conversation with air traffic control personnel), as well as ambient sounds. In this both functions have been combined into a single unit. The current applicable FAA TSO is C124b titled Flight Data Recorder Systems.
Popularly referred to as a "black box", the data recorded by the FDR is used for accident investigation, as well as for analyzing air safety issues, material degradation and engine performance. Due to their importance in investigating accidents, these ICAO-regulated devices are carefully engineered and stoutly constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire. Contrary to the "black box" reference, the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat-resistant bright orange paint for high visibility in wreckage, and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft's empennage (tail section), where it is more likely to survive a severe crash. Following an accident, the recovery of the FDR is usually a high priority for the investigating body, as analysis of the recorded parameters can often detect and identify causes or contributing factors.
COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER
A cockpit voice recorder (CVR), often referred to as a "black box", is a flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the flight deck of an aircraft for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents. This is typically achieved by recording the signals of the microphones and earphones of the pilots headsets and of an area microphone in the roof of the cockpit. The current applicable FAA TSO is C123b titled Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment.
Where an aircraft is required to carry a CVR and utilises digital communications the CVR is required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is recorded elsewhere. As of 2005 it is an FAA requirement that the recording duration is a minimum of thirty minutes, but the NTSB has long recommended that it should be at least two hours.
The CVR was developed in the 1950s chiefly in Australia. In 1960, following an aircraft crash in Queensland, the inquiry judge strongly recommended that flight recorders be installed in all airliners. Australia became the first country in the world to make cockpit-voice recording compulsory.
Saturday, October 22, 2011
CRASH INVESTIGATION
THE CHINA AIRLINES CRASH INVESTIGATION
PILOT ERROR ( AIRCRAFT CRASHES )
AIRCRAFT DITCH INTO HUDSON RIVER
AIRCRAFT CRASH INVESTIGATION
Wednesday, October 19, 2011
AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION
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| EXAMPLE OF REGISTRATION NUMBER MARKING |
An aircraft registration is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies a civil aircraft, in similar fashion to a licence plate on an automobile. In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation all aircraft must be registered with a national aviation authority and they must carry proof of this registration in the form of a legal document called a Certificate of Registration at all times when in operation. Most countries also require the aircraft registration to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage for the purposes of post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation.
Because airplanes typically display their registration numbers on the aft fuselage just forward of the tail, in earlier times more often on the tail itself, the registration is often referred to as the "tail number".
Although each aircraft registration is unique, some, but not all countries allow it to be re-used when the aircraft has been sold, destroyed or retired. For example N3794N is assigned to a Mooney M20F. It had been previously assigned to a Beechcraft Bonanza (specifically, the aircraft in which Buddy Holly was killed). Also note that an individual aircraft may be assigned different registrations during its existence. This can be because the aircraft changes ownership, state of registration, or in some cases for vanity reasons. An example of this is Middle East Airlines which has changed registrations on part of its Airbus A321-200 fleet from French registrations to Lebanese ones.
ICAO ( INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION )
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| THE ICAO LOGO |
The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, flight inspection, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. In addition, the ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, commonly known as the Chicago Convention.
The ICAO should not be confused with the International Air Transport Association (IATA), a trade organization for airlines also headquartered in Montreal, or with the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO), an organization for Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP's) with its headquarters at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in the Netherlands.
CIVIL AVIATION
Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-military aviation, both private and commercial. Most of the countries in the world are members of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and work together to establish common standards and recommended practices for civil aviation through that agency.
Civil aviation includes two major categories:
Scheduled air transport, including all passenger and cargo flights operating on regularly scheduled routes; and
General aviation (GA), including all other civil flights, private or commercial
Although scheduled air transport is the larger operation in terms of passenger numbers, GA is larger in the number of flights (and flight hours, in the U.S.) In the U.S., GA carries 166 million passengers each year, more than any individual airline, though less than all the airlines combined.
Some countries also make a regulatory distinction based on whether aircraft are flown for hire like:
Commercial aviation includes most or all flying done for hire, particularly scheduled service on airlines; and
Private aviation includes pilots flying for their own purposes (recreation, business meetings, etc.) without receiving any kind of remuneration.
All scheduled air transport is commercial, but general aviation can be either commercial or private. Normally, the pilot, aircraft, and operator must all be authorized to perform commercial operations through separate commercial licensing, registration, and operation certificates.
AIR LEGISLATION
1. Air legislation are air laws governing Air Navigation, Air Transport, and Maintenance of Civil Aircraft and its equipments, to minimum acceptable Air worthiness standard as defined in the law of the country or land.
- Air law is the same to 85% of all countries, operating civil aircraft. 15% laws governs the operation of civil aircraft of individual countries.
- Air laws consist of numerous regulations and requirements.
- Regulations
- Regulations are air laws which as applicable to civil aircraft.
- Regulations are approved by the Parliament of the country and becomes the law.
- If a regulation is not followed, then the penalty is the case treated in a civil court for conviction.
- Words such as SHALL and MUST are used in regulations.
- REQUIREMENTS
- These are standards used in civil aircraft.
- Requirements are not approved by parliament.
- Therefore if it is not followed, it is treated as non compliance.
- Words such as MAY, IF, AS, NECESSARY is used in requirements
COPYRIGHT OF PLANET OF AVIATION GALAXY
WHAT IS STATE AIRCRAFT ???
State aircrafts are government owned aircrafts and are used in :
- Military
- Police
- Customs
COPYRIGHT OF PLANET OF AVIATION GALAXY
WHAT IS CIVIL AIRCRAFT ???
CIVIL AIRCRAFT IS THE AIRCRAFT WHICH IS USED TO CARRY PASSENGERS AND THEIR CARGO. THERE ARE 4 CATEGORY IN CIVIL AIRCRAFT :
1. Transport category aircraft
- Passenger aircraft - these aircrafts carries paid passengers and their personal baggages.
- Cargo aircraft - the aircrafts are only used for carrying paid cargo.
2. Aerial category aircraft :
- These aircraft SHALL not carry any passengers or cargo.
- These aircraft is to be used for the following purpose:
- Crop spraying (Agriculture
- Search and rescue
- Fire fighting
- Aerial photography
- Cloud seeding
- Para trooping or static drop or free fall
- Constructions
- Surveying
- Observation and patrol
- Aerial advertisement
3. Private category aircraft :
- Aircrafts used by individual people or a group of people for own use or pleasure.4. Special category aircraft :
- These aircrafts are used for demonstration flights, with the view of sale
- Aircraft being used for charter flights are also classified under this
- Aircraft flying for maintenance repair or modification
- Aircraft on flight test
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